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| 1873, June 20 |
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| TREATY OF PANGKOR. After serious Chinese disorders in Perak and a prolonged dynastic conflict, the British obliged the Perak chiefs to accept a British resident and to take his advice on all matters except for religion and custom. The introduction of this system soon outraged the native chiefs. | 1 |
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| 1875 |
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| Revolt of native chiefs resulted in the murder of the British resident, J. W. W. Birch. The insurrection was suppressed by a British force, and in the ensuing years further treaties were concluded with the other Malay states. | 2 |
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| 1885, Dec. 11 |
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| British treaty with Johore, regulating relations. | 3 |
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| 1889 |
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| Nine of the smaller states were federated and became Negri Sembilan. | 4 |
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| 1890s |
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| In west coast FMS (Federated Malay States), the first census counted 218,000 people, of whom the Malays numbered only 53 percent—reflecting the increased immigration of Chinese and Indian merchants and others. Even in the Unfederated Malay States (UMS), Johore and Kedah both had similar population patterns. | 5 |
| Traditional rulers (sultans) and the British strove to isolate Malays in villages that continued to operate according to traditional agrarian values. Although this artificial structure in fact deprived the sultans of their autonomy and decision-making control, the fiction of their independence—coupled with the centralized apparatus of government introduced by the British—actually strengthened certain parts of Malay life. In particular, matters relating to Malay religion and custom became protected and reified, so that the ceremonial trappings of Malay life and new administrative establishments for religious practices (Councils of Muslim Religion and Malay Custom) became elaborated. | 6 |
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| 1896, July 1 |
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| TREATY OF FEDERATION of Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, and Pahang. Together they were to have one British resident general (the governor of the Straits Settlements), while retaining their separate residents. | 7 |
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| 1909, March 10 |
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| By treaty with Siam, Britain secured suzerainty and protection over Kelantan, Trengganu, Kedah, and Perlis. Protection was proclaimed on July 14, 1909, and treaties were concluded with these states in 1910. Together with Johore they comprised the Unfederated Malay States. | 8 |
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| 1914, May 12 |
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| The sultan of Johore accepted a general adviser and a further measure of British supervision and control. | 9 |
| British Malaya was entirely under British rule or control. The different states were organized as follows: | 10 |
| Straits Settlements (Crown colony) comprised Singapore, Penang, Province Wellesley, the Dindings, Malacca. | 11 |
| The Federated Malay States comprised Perak, Selangor, Negri Sembilan, Pahang. | 12 |
| Unfederated Malay States comprised Johore, Kedah, Perlis, Kelantan, Trengganu. (See The Malayan Archipelago) | 13 |
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