| |
| 2. Portugal |
| |
(See 1838, April)| |
| 1851 |
| |
| Fontes Pereira de Melo became secretary of finance. He initiated a series of reforms known as Fontism, designed to create a modern economy in Portugal. He encouraged road and railway building and the introduction of the telegraph (1857), and he lowered tariffs. | 1 |
| |
| 1852 |
| |
| Direct election of the Chamber of Deputies was reintroduced, with limited suffrage. | 2 |
| |
| 1853–61 |
| |
| PEDRO V. Under him and Luis I, the Portuguese government gained some stability. It was ruled alternately by two opposing groups of politicians: the Regenerators (conservatives) and the Progressives (liberals). | 3 |
| |
| 1853 |
| |
| Centro Promotor do Melhoramento da Classe Laboriosa became first labor organization concentrating on class struggle. | 4 |
| |
| 1861–89 |
| |
| LUIS I. | 5 |
| |
| 1867 |
| |
| A civil code was enacted, which included lay marriage for non-Catholics. | 6 |
| |
| 1870s–1900s |
| |
| Labor movements developed in Portugal, including the increase in syndicates, the appearance of a socialist party, and the development of mutual aid societies. In the early 20th century, numerous strikes accompanied growing development of labor organizations. | 7 |
| |
| 1878 |
| |
| The first Republicans were elected to the Cortes. | 8 |
| The hereditary peers in the upper house of parliament were abolished. Appointments now were for life. This was reversed in 1896, but hereditary peers were never fully reestablished. | 9 |
| |
| 1889–1908 |
| |
| Carlos I. | 10 |
| |
| 1901 |
| |
| A law opened Portugal to any religious group coming in the name of education and charity. | 11 |
| |
| 1906, May 19 |
| |
| The king appointed João Franco as prime minister. Parliamentary government was suspended (1907). | 12 |
| |
| |
