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| 2. The Third Republic |
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| Presidents: Adolphe Thiers (Feb. 1871–May 1873), Maurice De MacMahon (May 1873–Jan. 1879), Jules Grévy (Jan. 1879–Dec. 1887), Sadi Carnot (Dec. 1887–June 1894), Jean Casimire-Périer (June 1894–Jan. 1895), Félix Faure (Jan. 1895–Feb. 1899), Émile Loubet (Feb. 1899–Feb. 1906), Armand Fallières (Feb. 1906–Feb. 1913), and Raymond Poincaré (Feb. 1913–Feb. 1920). | 1 |
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| 1870, Sept. 4 |
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| The empire was overthrown. Crowds entered the Palais-Bourbon and demanded that the Corps législatif establish a republic. The crowds accompanied the dissenting deputies to the Hôtel de Ville. Fearful of a radical revolution, the deputies created a government of national defense, which included Gambetta, and Gen. Louis Trochu as president. Then, the republic was declared at the hôtel in keeping with tradition. | 2 |
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| Sept. 19 |
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| Paris was besieged while the government tried desperately to muster troops. Socialists and radicals staged a putsch (Oct. 31) in an effort to establish a commune, but the movement collapsed. By Jan., the new German Empire (See Jan. 18) had substantially crushed the resistance in the provinces organized by Gambetta, who had escaped from Paris in a hot air balloon, and a young mining engineer, Charles de Freycinet. | 3 |
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