IV. The Early Modern Period, 1500–1800 > E. East Asia, c. 1500–c. 1800 > 2. China, 1522–1796 > b. The Qing Dynasty > 1722–35
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  The Encyclopedia of World History.  2001.
 
 
1722–35
 
During the YONGZHENG REIGN of Emperor Shizong, peace was the rule at home, although battles with the Mongols and tribesmen to the west continued to an inconclusive end.  1
 
1727
 
The Kiakhta Treaty, fixing the Russian border, was concluded with Sava Vladislavich after a mission to Beijing (1726–27).  2
 
1729
 
Following large-scale operations against the Dzungars, the Grand Council was established and gradually usurped the executive functions of the Grand Secretariat. In 1735 the Qing acquired control over the eastern part of Turkestan.  3
 
1736–96
 
The long reign of the Qianlong emperor was an era of energetic cultural and scholarly endeavors. It witnessed a large population growth, vigorous foreign relations, and an explosion of market networks and urban ways of life. Newly acquired sources of wealth enabled Qianlong to impose Manchu imperial control further into central Asia. Corruption (led by Heshen, 1750–99) in the highest echelons of the bureaucracy during the last 20 years of the reign set off revolts. This failing became typical of the last Qianlong years.  4
 
1751
 
After several bruising campaigns against recalcitrant tribes in Tibet, Qing forces invaded and conquered Tibet. Thereafter, the Manchus dominated the Dalai Lama succession.  5
 
1755
 
Amursana, grandson of Tsewang Rabdan, was enthroned by Qing forces as prince of the Dzungars, but the Dzungars revolted. Suppression of the revolt, following a smallpox epidemic, depopulated the Ili Valley. The Dzungars who were not annihilated later dispersed. Mongol power was thus finally eliminated from the region and all of Turkestan fell to Qing control (1759).  6
 
1757–1842
 
Restrictions on foreign maritime trade to Guangzhou were maintained despite efforts of the British interpeter Flint at Tianjin (1759), Captain Skottowe at Guangzhou (1761), and the earl of Macartney at Rehe (Jehol) and Beijing (1793).  7
 
1765–69
 
The invasion of Burma failed to reach the capital at Ava but secured recognition of suzerainty, as did a later invasion of Vietnam (1788).  8
 
1784
 
The United States entered the Guangzhou trade.  9
 
1786–87
 
A rebellion in Taiwan was suppressed.  10
 
1792
 
The invasion of Nepal by Qing forces from Tibet was provoked by an attack on Tashilunpo, the seat of the Panchen Lama. It resulted in the defeat of the Gurkas and their recognition of Qing suzerainty.  11
 
1795–97
 
A revolt by Hmong tribesmen in Hunan and Guizhou was suppressed.  12
 
 
 
The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

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