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| 1613–29 |
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| BETHLEN GABOR (Gabriel Bethlen), prince of Transylvania. He made his state the center of Hungarian culture and national feeling. On the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War, he openly sided with the enemies of the Habsburgs and made Transylvania a vital factor in European politics. | 1 |
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| 1630–48 |
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| GEORGE RÁKÓCZI I, another eminent prince of Transylvania. He continued the policy of his predecessor and managed to guide the country through the storms of the European crisis. At the same time he took full advantage of the growing weakness of the Ottoman Turks, making Transylvania virtually an independent state, which played a part of some importance in international affairs. | 2 |
| Literary efforts of the 16th and early 17th centuries centered on Scripture translations, along with the poetry of Valentine Balassa, John Rimay, and Nicholas Zrinyi (1620–64). | 3 |
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