| |
| d. The Swedish-French Period, 1635–48 |
| |
| The policy of Sweden was determined by Oxenstierna; that of France by Richelieu and later by Mazarin. France fought at first in the person of Bernhard von Saxe-Weimar only, with whom subsidy treaties had been concluded and who was trying to conquer for himself a new state in Alsace in place of the duchy of Franconia, which he had lost by the Battle of Nördlingen. Capture of Breisach (1638). After the death of Bernhard von Saxe-Weimar (1639), France took control of his army. | 1 |
| |
| 1636 |
| |
| Victory of the Swedes under Baner at Wittstock over the imperialists and the Saxons. Death of Ferdinand II (1637). | 2 |
| |
| 1637–57 |
| |
| FERDINAND III, his son, was desirous of peace. Count Lennart Torstenson became commander in chief of the Swedes. | 3 |
| |
| 1640 |
| |
| Death of George William. Frederick William, elector of Brandenburg (the Great Elector, 1640–88). | 4 |
| |
| 1641 |
| |
| Discussion of the preliminaries of peace in Hamburg. A congress agreed upon. | 5 |
| |
| 1642 |
| |
| Second Battle of Leipzig (Breitenfeld). Torstenson defeated the imperialists under Piccolomini. He then threatened the hereditary states of the emperor. These Swedish successes aroused the envy of Christian IV of Denmark. | 6 |
| |
| 1643–45 |
| |
| Thence began a war between Denmark and Sweden. | 7 |
| |
| 1643 |
| |
| Opening of negotiations for peace in Osnabrück; 1644 in Münster: Protestants met in Osnabrück, Catholics in Münster, with the papal nuncio Chigi as mediator. | 8 |
| Marshal Turenne and the 21-year-old prince of Bourbon, duke of Enghien, afterward prince of Condé, appointed commanders in chief of the French troops. | 9 |
| |
| 1643, Sept |
| |
| Torstenson hastened by forced marches to the north, conquered Holstein and Schleswig, and invaded Jutland. | 10 |
| |
| 1644 |
| |
| The French forced the Bavarians under Mercy to retreat. Condé captured Mannheim, Speier, and Philippsburg. Turenne took Worms, Oppenheim, Mainz, and Landau. | 11 |
| Meanwhile an imperial army, under Count Matthias Gallas, had been sent to the aid of the Danes, who were hard pressed, both by land and by sea, by the Swedish admiral Gustavus Wrangel. | 12 |
| |
| 1645, March |
| |
| Brilliant victory of Torstenson over the imperialists at Jankau in Bohemia, whereupon, in union with the prince of Transylvania, George Rákóczi, he conquered the whole of Moravia and advanced hard upon Vienna. | 13 |
| |
| May |
| |
| Turenne defeated by Werth at Mergentheim in Franconia. | 14 |
| |
| |
