| |
| 2. Scotland |
| |
(See 1034–40) |
| KINGS OF SCOTLAND (1034-1390) |
| |
| 1034–1286 |
| |
| Racial and political turmoil. | 1 |
| |
| 1034–40 |
| |
| Duncan I, followed by his murderer, the usurper Macbeth. | 2 |
| |
| 1040–57 |
| |
| Macbeth's rule was followed by Duncan's son and avenger, Malcolm. | 3 |
| |
| 1057–93 |
| |
| MALCOLM CANMORE. Malcolm was forced to do homage, by William the Conqueror (1072) and by William Rufus (1091), and Anglo-Norman penetration began. Malcolm's wife, (St.) Margaret (sister of Edgar Aetheling, grandniece of Edward the Confessor), was a masterful and remarkable woman whose Anglicizing influence on Scottish culture and the native Church was profound. Notable among her three sons were David I and Alexander III. | 4 |
| |
| 1124–53 |
| |
| DAVID I continued the so-called bloodless Norman conquest, and the new Anglo-Norman aristocracy (Baliols, Bruces, Lindsays, Fitz Alans—that is, Stewarts) became the bulwark of the crown. | 5 |
| |
| 1153–1286 |
| |
| The next four reigns were notable for the consolidation of Scotland, and for signs of impending collision with the English monarchy. William the Lion, captured in a raid by the English, accepted (1174) the feudal lordship of the English crown and did ceremonial allegiance at York (1175). Richard I weakened England's position, John tried to restore it. | 6 |
| |
| 1249–86 |
| |
| ALEXANDER III did homage (1278) to the English king for his English lands, “reserving” his Scottish fealty. All of Alexander's issue were dead by 1284, leaving only his granddaughter Margaret. Margaret's death (1290) made impossible the personal union of England and Scotland (by Margaret's marriage to Edward I's heir). Thirteen claimants to the Scottish crown were narrowed down to Robert Bruce and John Baliol. Edward I of England, called on to arbitrate, awarded the crown to Baliol (1292), but when Baliol ignored a summons to attend Edward and instead embarked on an alliance with France (1295), the English invaded the country and, after some years of warfare, reduced it in 1304. (See Scotland) | 7 |
| |
| |
