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| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
| 2. Kanem-Borno | |
| c. 1075 | |
| Hummay, most likely a Berber, introduced Islam to the Kanem kingdom after seizing power c. 1075. The Sefuwa dynasty, which Hummay founded, continued to rule Kanem-Borno until the mid-19th century. | 1 |
| 1465–97 | |
| Ali Ghadjideni, known as Ali Gaji, established Islamic rule over Borno, putting an end to a century-long dynastic conflict. The new state would henceforth be ruled by a powerful clique of Muslim rulers. Ali Gaji was succeeded by his son Idris ben Ali, called Katatarambe (r. 1497–1519), who consolidated his father's gains and strengthened the power of the Sefuwa dynasty. | 2 |
| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. | |
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