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| 1859–67 |
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| Fabre Geffrard governed for eight years. | 1 |
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| 1867–1914 |
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| Mulatto and black population was divided into the National Party (blacks) and the Liberal Party (mulattoes). Haiti's population grew from 960,000 in 1888 to 1,270,000 in 1900. U.S. and European firms increased their operations in Haiti. Haitian finances became disorganized, and obligations were contracted abroad. | 2 |
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| 1914, June 14 |
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| The U.S., France, and Germany demanded control of Haitian customs to secure payment. | 3 |
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| 1915, July 3 |
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| The U.S. landed forces. Philippe Dartiguenave assumed the presidency under U.S. supervision (Aug. 12). A new constitution allowed foreigners to own land. Peasants rebelled against forced roadwork, and U.S. Marines intervened to repress them. The U.S. established a ten-year protectorate, prolonged until 1936. Under U.S. rule, the Haitian population found itself subjected to harsh racism. (See Haiti) | 4 |
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