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| 1891–96 |
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| Jorge Montt became president. Balmaceda's partisans were expelled from the army and public service. | 1 |
| Distrust of the political system encouraged many workers to join the anarchist movement. They formed unions and led protests against unemployment and high food prices. | 2 |
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| 1891–1901 |
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| Federico Errázuriz Echaurren was elected president. | 3 |
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| 1901–6 |
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| Germán Riesco Errázuriz assumed the presidency. Bolivia signed peace treaty confirming Chilean possession of Antofagasta. Diplomatic relations reestablished with Peru. U.S. companies started to invest in copper production. | 4 |
| Unionization progressed rapidly under the influence of anarchosyndicalism. Protectionist taxes favoring landowners pushed up prices beyond workers' reach. In 1905, week-long urban riots shook Santiago. In retaliation, elite youths armed by the government massacred hundreds in the capital. | 5 |
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| 1906–10 |
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| Pedro Montt y Montt (1849–1910) from the National Party was elected president. Another wave of strikes shook the nation in 1907. At Santa María de Iquique, the army violently repressed striking nitrate workers, killing several thousand people. In 1909, railroad workers founded the Gran Federación de Obreros de Chile. | 6 |
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| 1910–15 |
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| Administration of Ramón Barros Luco. | 7 |
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| 1912 |
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| Luis Emilio Recabarren founded the Partido Obrero Socialista at Iquique. | 8 |
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| 1915–20 |
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| Presidency of Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui. He made elementary education compulsory. | 9 |
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| 1916 |
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| Growing labor militancy led to changes in the Gran Federación de Obreros de Chile, which became the Federación Obrera Chilena (FOCh), open to all workers. (See Chile) | 10 |
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