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| 1895 |
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| Booker T. Washington (1856–1915) gave his Atlanta Compromise speech, which emphasized the virtues of racial solidarity and self-help, and signaled his rise to power. | 1 |
| Frederick Winslow Taylor (1856–1915), a pioneer in the field of scientific management, published his landmark essay “A Piece Rate System,” designed to undercut the skills and authority of the workers. This set forth the basic tenets of scientific management, reducing workers’ decision making on the shop floor in an aggressive drive to increase production and cut labor costs. Skilled workers vigorously resisted such efforts. In 1911, iron molders at the federal arsenal at Watertown, Mass., struck against use of the stopwatch and bonus system. | 2 |
| Increasing popular and medical interest in slenderness and dieting; growing hostility to body fat. | 3 |
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| May 20 |
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| The income tax was declared unconstitutional in the case of Pollock v. Farmers Loan and Trust Co., causing much criticism. An income tax was declared a direct tax, which, in accordance with the Constitution, must be apportioned among the states in proportion to population. | 4 |
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