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| 1812–14 |
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| WAR OF 1812. In the naval warfare of the war's first year, the Americans were surprisingly successful—the Essex captured the Alert; the Constitution captured the Guerrière and the Java; the Wasp captured the Frolic; and the United States took the Macedonian. Later in the war, however, the American ships were captured one by one or bottled up. Except for the effect on the morale of the people, the victories on the high seas were without influence on the course of the war. For the operations in Canada, see (See 1812, June 18). In 1814, the British captured and burned Washington, D.C., but were repulsed at Baltimore (Sept. 13), whereupon they launched attacks on the Maine coast and on New Orleans. In the southwest, Andrew Jackson broke the military power of the Creek Indians and dismembered their territory (Aug. 9, 1814), whereupon he proceeded to New Orleans to defend it against the British attack. On Jan. 8, 1815, he won the Battle of New Orleans. | 1 |
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| 1814, Dec. 24 |
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| The Treaty of Ghent brought the war to a close. The treaty was silent on the questions that had been the chief cause of controversy before the war. It restored the status quo ante and provided for joint commissions to determine disputed boundary questions between the two countries. | 2 |
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| Dec |
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| The Hartford Convention. The New England states, disgruntled since the time of the embargo, formed a convention at Hartford to draw up proposed amendments to the Constitution, designed to safeguard more adequately New England interests. | 3 |
| Francis Cabot Lowell (1775–1817) established the first major integrated textile mill, at Waltham, Mass. Lowell and his associates later moved the mill to a site on the Merrimac River and built dormitories to house the workforce, primarily young women from rural New England. | 4 |
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