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| 1823, Jan |
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| The Ottomans were obliged to fall back, having been unable to take the key fortress of Missolonghi, at the entrance to the Gulf of Corinth. The Greeks failed to take advantage of this respite, but devoted themselves to personal rivalries (Theodoros Kolokotronis against Lazaros Kondouriottis; conflict between the executive power and the legislature). | 1 |
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| 1824 |
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| First civil war. Kolokotronis was defeated. The government was established at Nauplia. Meanwhile the sultan had appealed for help to his powerful vassal, Muhammad Ali, of Egypt, who possessed a strong army and navy. The Egyptians had already conquered Crete (1822–24). | 2 |
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| 1825, Feb |
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| Ibrahim, the son of Muhammad, effected a landing in the Morea and quickly subdued the whole peninsula. At the same time the Ottomans, under Reshid Pasha, invaded from the north and renewed the siege of Missolonghi (finally taken on April 23, 1826). | 3 |
| The Ottoman-Egyptian successes aroused sentiment in Europe, where the Greeks were regarded as descendants of the heroes of old, renewing the struggle against the barbarians. Rapid spread of Philhellenism in Germany, Switzerland, France, and England. The governments were obliged to do something, and an ambassadorial conference at St. Petersburg (1824–25) discussed projects for establishing Greece as a group of three self-governing but tributary states, but Austria and Britain were unwilling to follow Russia in action against the Ottomans. | 4 |
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| July 26 |
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| The Greeks put themselves under British protection and after the fall of Missolonghi appealed for British mediation. | 5 |
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