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| 1848–49 |
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| Cholera epidemic in Britain. | 1 |
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| 1848, April 10 |
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| Last massive Chartist demonstration for the Charter. Chartists canceled their planned procession after the government readied the military and the police, but a massive demonstration at Kennington Common in London continued anyway. The Charter was presented to the Commons for the last time. Many of the signatures on the Charter were found to be spurious, and the Commons refused to grant the Charter. | 2 |
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| 1848 |
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| The Communist Manifesto was published in German from London as the platform of the Communist League (meeting in exile). Ernest Jones published letters from Marx in his Chartist newspaper, Notes to the People, and George Harney published the Manifesto in English for the first time (1852) in his Red Republican. | 3 |
| Victorian culture. Queen Victoria and Prince Albert emulated an idealized middle-class lifestyle, which divided the world into two complementary spheres: private and public. The public sphere was controlled by the man and included business and politics. The private sphere centered on the home, was the woman's domain, and was pure and holy—a haven away from the vulgarity of the public sphere. Women were expected to develop the necessary skills and virtues to provide the family with a clean, well-decorated, and safe haven. As such, they were not to work outside the home. Men were expected to provide their families with the necessary finances for a proper life by working. In both spheres, proper education, temperance, and respectability were expected to be practiced. This idealized view was probably never realized by the majority of the families in England. Both parents in working-class families often worked in order to survive, and the working class often adapted notions of respectability and self-reliance to their own ends. Middle-class families could live up to the ideal only by drawing upon other family members for support and by relying on servants to maintain their homes in acceptable order. (See Britain) | 4 |
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