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| The Encyclopedia of World History. 2001. |
| 1809, Jan. 16 | |
| The British were defeated at the Battle of Coruña. The British managed to protect Portugal from further invasion at the Battle of Talevera (July 28), but the French overran all of Andalusia, except for Cádiz. In 1810, the British defeated both Masséna and Soult in the north and the south of Spain, respectively. Wellesley, now duke of Wellington, then completely defeated the French under Marshal Marmont at Salamanca (July 22). | 1 |
| 1812, May 8 | |
| A national assembly elected in Cádiz promulgated a democratic constitution. | 2 |
| Aug. 12 | |
| Joseph and his family abandoned Madrid and fled to Valencia, where they combined forces with Soult and retook Madrid in Nov. Napoleon returned from Russia but, at war with Germany in 1813, he was forced to recall Soult and a large part of the French army. Wellington advanced and cut off Joseph. | 3 |
| The Encyclopedia of World History, Sixth edition. Peter N. Stearns, general editor. Copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Maps by Mary Reilly, copyright © 2001 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Published by Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. | |
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